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| ⚫ | The Games have expanded from a 42-event competition, with fewer than 250 men competing to including over 10,000 competitors of both genders from 202 nations. Organisers for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing expect approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the 302 events on the programme for the Games.The [[Athens 2004]] games, for which organisers had also expected 10,500 competitors, drew a total of 11,099 in the 301 events offered. |
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| − | [[File:Olympic_rings.jpg|right|300px]]The '''Summer [[Olympic Games]] ''' or the '''Games of the Olympiad''' are an [[international]] [[multi-sport event]] usually Quadrennial, organised by the [[International Olympic Committee]]. The Olympics are the most prestigious such event in the world, though they are not the world's most-watched sporting event - the television audience for the single-sport FIFA World Cup is larger. Medals are awarded in each event, with [[gold medal]]s for first place, [[silver medal|silver]] for second and [[bronze medal|bronze]] for third, a tradition which started in 1904. |
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| ⚫ | Competitors are entered by a [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC) to represent their country of citizenship. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by each country are widely used. In general only recognised nations are represented, but a few sovereign-disputed countries are allowed to take part. |
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| ⚫ | The Games have expanded from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 men competing to including over 10,000 competitors of both genders from 202 nations. Organisers for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing expect approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the 302 events on the programme for the Games.The [[Athens 2004]], for which organisers had also expected 10,500 competitors, drew a total of 11,099 in the 301 events offered. |
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| ⚫ | The [[United States]] has hosted the most Summer Olympics games, hosting four. The [[United Kingdom]] has hosted three Summer Olympics games, all in [[London's Games|London]], including the most recent games in [[London 2012|2012]]. [[Australia]], [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Greece]] have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics once are: [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Finland]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Sweden]]. Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: [[Los Angeles]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Athens]]. |
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| ⚫ | Competitors are entered by a [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC) to represent their |
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| ⚫ | Five countries - Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece and [[Switzerland]] - have sent teams to every single Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is [[Great Britain]], ranging from one gold in [[St. Louis 1904|1904]], [[Helsinki 1952|1952]] and [[Atlanta 1996|1996]] to fifty-six golds in [[London 1908|1908]]. |
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| ⚫ | Five countries - Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece and Switzerland - have sent teams to every single Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain, ranging from one gold in 1904, 1952 and 1996 to fifty-six golds in 1908. |
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==Qualification== |
==Qualification== |
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| − | Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the |
+ | Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Federation (IF) that governs that sport's international competition. |
For individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. National Olympic Committees may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event (3 is a common number), and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered. Many events provide for a certain number of wildcard entries, given to athletes from developing nations. |
For individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. National Olympic Committees may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event (3 is a common number), and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered. Many events provide for a certain number of wildcard entries, given to athletes from developing nations. |
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===The early years=== |
===The early years=== |
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[[Image:1896 Olympic opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|The opening ceremony of the first Olympic Games in the [[Panathenaic Stadium]].]] |
[[Image:1896 Olympic opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|The opening ceremony of the first Olympic Games in the [[Panathenaic Stadium]].]] |
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| − | The modern [[Olympic Games]] were founded in 1894 when [[Pierre de Coubertin|Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin]] sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the |
+ | The modern [[Olympic Games]] were founded in 1894 when [[Pierre de Coubertin|Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin]] sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock since 1850. The first edition of de Coubertin's games, held in [[Athens 1896|Athens in 1896]], attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organized before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, [[Stamata Revithi]], ran the marathon course on her own, saying "[i]f the committee doesn’t let me compete I will go after them regardless". |
| − | Four years later the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]] attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in [[croquet]], [[golf]], [[sailing]], and [[tennis]]. The Games were integrated with the Paris |
+ | Four years later the [[Paris 1900|1900 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]] attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in [[croquet]], [[golf]], [[sailing]], and [[tennis]]. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over 5 months. It is still disputed which events exactly were ''Olympic'', since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time. |
| − | Numbers declined again for the [[ |
+ | Numbers declined again for the [[St. Louis 1904|1904 Games]] in [[St. Louis]], Missouri, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was used for practically every contest, including those exclusively for school boys or for Irish-Americans. |
| − | [[1906 Summer Olympics|A series of smaller games]] were held in Athens in 1906. these were to be the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to |
+ | [[1906 Summer Olympics|A series of smaller games]] were held in Athens in 1906. these were to be the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to materialize. The games were held in 1906 to celebrate the "tenth birthday" of the games. The IOC does not currently recognize these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do. The 1906 Athens games, which had over 900 athletes competing, were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games and contributed positively to the success of future games. |
[[Image:Dorando Pietri.jpg|left|thumb|Dorando Pietri finishes the first modern marathon.]] |
[[Image:Dorando Pietri.jpg|left|thumb|Dorando Pietri finishes the first modern marathon.]] |
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| − | The [[1908 |
+ | The [[London 1908|1908 London Games]] saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the [[marathon (sport)|marathon]] over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). This distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. The marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances. |
At the end of the 1908 marathon the [[Italy|Italian]] runner [[Dorando Pietri]] was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to [[Johnny Hayes|John Hayes]], who had trailed him by around 30 seconds. |
At the end of the 1908 marathon the [[Italy|Italian]] runner [[Dorando Pietri]] was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to [[Johnny Hayes|John Hayes]], who had trailed him by around 30 seconds. |
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| − | The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to [[1912 |
+ | The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to [[Stockholm 1912|Stockholm in 1912]], including the great all-rounder [[Jim Thorpe]], who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of [[amateurism]] after complaints from his own country men. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Games at Stockholm were the first to fulfill Pierre de Coubertin's original idea. For the first time since the Games started in 1896 were all continents represented with athletes competing in the same stadium. |
| − | The scheduled [[Berlin]] Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of |
+ | The scheduled [[Berlin]] Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I. |
===The interwar era=== |
===The interwar era=== |
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The 1920 [[Antwerp]] games in war-ravaged [[Belgium]] were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the [[Paris]] Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner [[Paavo Nurmi]]. "[[Flying Finn (athlete)|The Flying Finn]]", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day. |
The 1920 [[Antwerp]] games in war-ravaged [[Belgium]] were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the [[Paris]] Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner [[Paavo Nurmi]]. "[[Flying Finn (athlete)|The Flying Finn]]", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day. |
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| − | The 1928 [[Amsterdam]] games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of |
+ | The [[Amsterdam 1928|1928]] [[Amsterdam]] games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsors of the games, from Coca-Cola. This was in stark contrast to [[Los Angeles 1932|1932]] when the [[Los Angeles]] games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. Louis games. |
| − | The [[1936 Berlin Games]] were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling |
+ | The [[Berlin 1936|1936 Berlin Games]] were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker [[Leni Riefenstahl]] to film the games. The result, ''[[Olympia (film)|Olympia]]'', was a masterpiece, despite Adolf Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by "non-Aryan" athletes. In particular, African-American sprinter and long jumper [[Jesse Owens]] won 4 gold medals. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is a fabrication.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://german.about.com/library/blgermyth10.htm |title=German Myth: Hitler and Jesse Owens |work=[http://german.about.com/library/weekly/aa021024a.htm German Misnomers, Myths and Mistakes] |publisher=About, Inc |accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> |
| − | Due to |
+ | Due to World War II, the Games of 1940 (due to be held in [[Tokyo]] and temporarily relocated to [[Helsinki]] upon the outbreak of war) were cancelled. The [[1944 Summer Olympics|Games of 1944]] were due to be held in [[London]] but were also cancelled; instead, London hosted the first games after the end of the war, in [[Longon 1948|1948]]. |
===After WWII=== |
===After WWII=== |
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The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in [[London]], with both [[Germany]] and [[Japan]] excluded. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] sprinter [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]] won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin. |
The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in [[London]], with both [[Germany]] and [[Japan]] excluded. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] sprinter [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]] won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin. |
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| − | At the 1952 Games in [[Helsinki]] the [[Russia|USSR team]] competed for the first time and at once became one of the dominant teams. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named [[Emil Zátopek]], who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins. |
+ | At the 1952 Games in [[Helsinki 1952|Helsinki]] the [[Russia|USSR team]] competed for the first time and at once became one of the dominant teams. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named [[Emil Zátopek]], who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins. |
| − | The 1956 [[Melbourne]] Games were largely successful, barring a [[water polo]] match between [[Hungary]] and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as |
+ | The 1956 [[Melbourne 1956|Melbourne]] Games were largely successful, barring a [[water polo]] match between [[Hungary]] and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams. Due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict quarantine laws of Australia, the equestrian events were held a few months earlier, in Stockholm. |
| − | The 1960 [[Rome]] Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as [[Muhammad Ali]], who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a |
+ | The 1960 [[Rome 1960|Rome]] Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as [[Muhammad Ali]], who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town, Louisville, KY. Soviet women's [[artistic gymnastics]] team members won 15 of 16 possible medals. Other performers of note in 1960 included [[Wilma Rudolph]], a gold medalist in the 100 meters, 200 meters and 4x100 meter relay events. |
| − | The 1964 Games held in [[Tokyo]] are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics. |
+ | The 1964 Games held in [[Tokyo 1964|Tokyo]] are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics. |
| − | Performances at the 1968 [[Mexico City]] games were affected by the altitude of the host city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1968 |title=Games of the XIX Olympiad |work=[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp Olympic Games] |publisher=International Olympic Committee | language=British English |accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> No event was affected more than the long jump. [[United States|American]] athlete [[Bob Beamon]] jumped 8.90 |
+ | Performances at the 1968 [[Mexico City 1968|Mexico City]] games were affected by the altitude of the host city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1968 |title=Games of the XIX Olympiad |work=[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp Olympic Games] |publisher=International Olympic Committee | language=British English |accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> No event was affected more than the long jump. [[United States|American]] athlete [[Bob Beamon]] jumped 8.90 meters (29 feet 2.4 inches), setting a new world record and, in the words of fellow competitor and then-reigning champion [[Lynn Davies]], "making the rest of us look silly." Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. The 1968 Games also saw the introduction of the now-universal [[Fosbury flop]], a technique which won American high jumper [[Dick Fosbury]] the gold medal. Politics took centre stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200 metre dash, where [[Tommie C. Smith|Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the United States; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement. |
| − | Politics again intervened at [[Munich]] in 1972, with [[Munich massacre|lethal consequences]]. A Palestinian terrorist group named |
+ | Politics again intervened at [[Munich 1972|Munich]] in 1972, with [[Munich massacre|lethal consequences]]. A Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and held 9 others as hostages. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused their demand, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the nine Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists, were killed. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1972 |title=Games of the XX Olympiad |work=[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp Olympic Games] |publisher=International Olympic Committee | language=British English |accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a record seven gold medals by [[United States]] swimmer [[Mark Spitz]], [[Lasse Viren]]'s, of Finland, back to back gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, defeating American distance great [[Steve Prefontaine]] in the former, and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast [[Olga Korbut]], who, however failed to win the all-around to her teammate [[Ludmilla Tourischeva]]. |
| − | There was no such tragedy in [[Montreal]] in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. The Montreal Games are the most expensive in Olympic history, costing over $5 billion (equivalent to $20 billion in 2006). For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest against a recent tour of |
+ | There was no such tragedy in [[Montreal 1976|Montreal]] in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. The Montreal Games are the most expensive in Olympic history, costing over $5 billion (equivalent to $20 billion in 2006). For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run [[South Africa]] by a [[New Zealand]] rugby side. The Romanian gymnast [[Nadia Comăneci]] won the women's individual all around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. Another female gymnast to earn the perfect score and three gold medals there was [[Nellie Kim]] of the USSR. [[Lasse Viren]] repeated his double gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, making him the only athlete to ever win the distance double twice. |
=== End of the 20th century === |
=== End of the 20th century === |
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[[Image:1980 Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|179px|right|Closing Ceremony of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]. Bear Cub [[Misha]], the mascot, flying into the sky.]] |
[[Image:1980 Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|179px|right|Closing Ceremony of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]. Bear Cub [[Misha]], the mascot, flying into the sky.]] |
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| − | Following the [[Soviet Union]]'s participation to the |
+ | Following the [[Soviet Union]]'s participation to the Afghan Civil War, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the [[Moscow 1980|1980]] games held in [[Moscow]]. Notably, Greece, Great Britain and Australia did not withdraw, and remain the only nations to have competed in all summer games. The boycott contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicized and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country. |
| − | In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Soviet Allies, reciprocated by boycotting the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in |
+ | In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Soviet Allies, reciprocated by boycotting the [[Los Angeles 1984|1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era to make a profit. The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Again, without the participation of the Eastern European countries, the 1984 Games were dominated by their host country. |
| − | The 1988 [[Seoul]] games were very well planned but the games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner [[ |
+ | The 1988 [[Seoul 1988|Seoul]] games were very well planned but the games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner [[Ben Johnson]], failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games. |
| − | On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. The [[1992 Barcelona Summer Games]] were cleaner, although not without incident. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by US basketball's "[[United States men's national basketball team#1992 The Dream Team|Dream Team]]". 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]] since World War II. |
+ | On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. The [[Barcelona 1992|1992 Barcelona Summer Games]] were cleaner, although not without incident. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by US basketball's "[[United States men's national basketball team#1992 The Dream Team|Dream Team]]". 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]] since World War II. |
| − | By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|in particular]] with reference to |
+ | By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|in particular]] with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the [[Salt Lake City 2002|2002 Winter Olympics]]. It was also widely rumored that The Coca-Cola Company, a key IOC sponsor, was highly influential in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] being hosted by its home city of [[Atlanta]]. In the stadium in 1996, the highlight was [[Sprint (race)|200 meters]] runner [[Michael Johnson]] annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. [[Canada|Canadians]] savoured [[Donovan Bailey]]'s record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-metre dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when [[Muhammad Ali]], clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of US television. The atmosphere at the Games was marred however when a [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing|bomb exploded]] during the celebration in Centennial Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was captured. |
===A new millennium=== |
===A new millennium=== |
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| − | The 2000 Games were held in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], and showcased individual performances by local favourite [[Ian Thorpe]] in the pool, Briton [[Steve Redgrave]] who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and [[Cathy Freeman]], an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] whose triumph in the [[Sprint (race)|400 |
+ | The [[Sydney 2000|2000]] Games were held in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], and showcased individual performances by local favourite [[Ian Thorpe]] in the pool, Briton [[Steve Redgrave]] who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and [[Cathy Freeman]], an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] whose triumph in the [[Sprint (race)|400 meters]] united a packed stadium. [[Eric Moussambani|Eric "the Eel" Moussambani]], a swimmer from [[Equatorial Guinea]], had a memorably slow 100 metre freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained.<ref>His female compatriot [[Paula Barila Bolopa]] also received media attention for her record-slow and struggling but courageous performance.</ref> The Sydney Games were also memorable for the first appearance of a joint North and South Korean contingent (to a standing ovation) at the opening ceremonies, even if they competed as different countries. |
| − | 2004 saw the Games return to their birthplace in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone. The games were praised and appreciated for their excellent |
+ | [[Athens 2004|2004]] saw the Games return to their birthplace in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone. The games were praised and appreciated for their excellent quality in terms of organization, hospitality, symbolism, the level of the competition and athleticism, and the overall image transmitted worldwide. Although unfounded and wildly sensationalized reports of potential terrorism drove crowds away from the preliminary competitions of first weekend of the games (August 14-15), attendance picked up soon thereafter as the games progressed, the competitions got underway, and the terrorist attacks and security glitches failed to materialize. The Athens Games witnessed all NOCs participate for the first time since 1996, and the largest ever — with 202 NOCs and over 11,000 participants. |
| − | The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] are to be held in [[Beijing]], [[China]]. Several new events, including the new discipline of [[BMX]] for both men and women, are to be held. For the first time, women will compete in the [[steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechase]]. The fencing |
+ | The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] are to be held in [[Beijing]], [[China]]. Several new events, including the new discipline of [[BMX]] for both men and women, are to be held. For the first time, women will compete in the [[steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechase]]. The fencing program will be expanded to include all six events for both men and women. Women had not previously been able to compete in team foil or sabre events. Marathon swimming events, over the distance of 10 kilometres, will be added. In addition, the doubles events in table tennis will be replaced by team events. |
| − | [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |
+ | [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] held the [[London 2012|2012 Summer Olympics]], making London the only city to host the Games three times. The International Olympic Committee removed [[baseball]] and [[softball]] from the 2012 program. However, they may be re-added in programs in later years. The International Olympic Committee has announced that [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] will host the [[Rio de Janeiro|2016 Summer Olympics]]. |
==List of Olympic sports== |
==List of Olympic sports== |
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{{main|Olympic sports}} |
{{main|Olympic sports}} |
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| − | 42 different sports, spanning 56 different disciplines, have been part of the Olympic |
+ | 42 different sports, spanning 56 different disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. 28 sports have comprised the schedule for the [[Sydney 2000|2000]], [[Athens 2004|2004]], and [[Beijing 2008|2008]], though baseball and softball have been removed to give a list of 26 for the [[London 2012|2012 Games]].<ref name=26sports>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm | title = Fewer sports for London Olympics | work = BBC Sport |publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2005-07-08 | accessdate = 2006-05-05}}</ref> |
The Summer Olympic Sports or Federations are regrouped under a common umbrella association, called the [[Association of Summer Olympic Federations]] (ASOIF). |
The Summer Olympic Sports or Federations are regrouped under a common umbrella association, called the [[Association of Summer Olympic Federations]] (ASOIF). |
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==List of modern Summer Olympic Games== |
==List of modern Summer Olympic Games== |
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| ⚫ | ''Note: Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 had been |
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[[Image:Summer olympics all cities.PNG|thumb|Map of Summer Olympics locations]] |
[[Image:Summer olympics all cities.PNG|thumb|Map of Summer Olympics locations]] |
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| ⚫ | ''Note: Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 had been canceled, the Roman numerals for those Games were still used because the Summer Games' official titles count [[Olympiad]]s, not the Games themselves; those Olympiads occurred anyway per the Olympic Charter. This is in contrast to the Roman numerals in the official titles of the [[Winter Olympic Games]], which ignore the canceled Winter Games of 1940 & 1944; those titles count Games instead of Olympiads.'' |
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| + | |||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Year!!width="200"|Games!!Location |
!Year!!width="200"|Games!!Location |
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|- |
|- |
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| − | | 1896 || [[1896 |
+ | | 1896 || [[Athens 1896|Games of the I Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Greece|old}} Athens, [[Greece]] |
| + | |- |
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| + | | 1900 || [[Paris 1900|Games of the II Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|France}} Paris, [[France]] |
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| + | |- |
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| + | | 1904 || [[St. Louis 1904|Games of the III Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|United States|1896}} St. Louis, Missouri |
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|- |
|- |
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| − | | |
+ | | 1908 || [[London 1908|Games of the IV Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Great Britain}} London, [[United Kingdom]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1912 || [[Stockholm 1912|Games of the V Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Sweden}} Stockholm, [[Sweden]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | ''1916'' || ''[[Berlin 1916|Games of the VI Olympiad]]'' || ''Berlin, [[Germany]] – cancelled because of World War I'' |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1920 || [[Antwerp 1920|Games of the VII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Belgium}} Antwerp, [[Belgium]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1924 || [[Paris 1924|Games of the VIII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|France}} Paris, [[France]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1928 || [[Amsterdam 1928|Games of the IX Olympiad]] ||{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1932 || [[Los Angeles 1932|Games of the X Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|United States|1912}} Los Angeles, California |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1936 || [[Berlin 1936|Games of the XI Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} Berlin, [[Germany]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | ''1940'' || ''[[1940 Summer Olympic Games|Games of the XII Olympiad]]'' || ''Tokyo, [[Japan]] → Helsinki, [[Finland]] – cancelled because of World War II'' |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | ''1944'' || ''[[1944 Summer Olympic Games|Games of the XIII Olympiad]]'' || ''London, [[United Kingdom]] – cancelled because of World War II'' |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1948 || [[London 1948|Games of the XIV Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|UK}} London, [[United Kingdom]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1952 || [[Helsinki 1952|Games of the XV Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Finland}} Helsinki, [[Finland]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1956 || [[Melbourne 1956|Games of the XVI Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Australia}} Melbourne, [[Australia]]<br />{{Flagicon|Sweden}} Stockholm, [[Sweden]] ([[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] events) |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1960 || [[Rome 1960|Games of the XVII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Italy}} Rome, [[Italy]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1964 || [[Tokyo 1964|Games of the XVIII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Japan}} Tokyo, [[Japan]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1968 || [[Mexico 1968|Games of the XIX Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico City, [[Mexico]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1972 || [[Munich 1972|Games of the XX Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Germany}} Munich, [[West Germany]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1976 || [[Montreal 1976|Games of the XXI Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Canada}} Montreal, [[Canada]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1980 || [[Moscow 1980|Games of the XXII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1955}} Moscow, [[Soviet Union]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1984 || [[Los Angeles 1984|Games of the XXIII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|USA}} Los Angeles, California, [[United States]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1988 || [[Seoul 1988|Games of the XXIV Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|South Korea}} Seoul, [[South Korea]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1992 || [[Barcelona 1992|Games of the XXV Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Spain}} Barcelona, [[Spain]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 1996 || [[Atlanta 1996|Games of the XXVI Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|USA}} Atlanta, Georgia, [[United States]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 2000 || [[Sydney 2000|Games of the XXVII Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Australia}} Sydney, [[Australia]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 2004 || [[Athens 2004|Games of the XXVIII Olympiad]] || |
| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 2008 || [[Beijing 2008|Games of the XXIX Olympiad]] ||{{Flagicon|China}} Beijing, [[People's Republic of China|China]] |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | |
+ | | 2012 || [[London 2012|Games of the XXX Olympiad]] ||{{flagicon|Great Britain}} London, [[United Kingdom]] |
| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | '' |
+ | | ''2016'' || ''[[Rio de Janeiro 2016|Games of the XXXI Olympiad]]'' ||{{Flagicon|Brazil}} ''Rio de Janeiro, [[Brazil]]'' |
|- |
|- |
||
| − | | '' |
+ | | ''2020'' || ''[[Tokyo 2020|Games of the XXXII Olympiad]]'' || {{Flagicon|Japan}} ''Tokyo, [[Japan]]'' |
|} |
|} |
||
Those in ''italic text'' have either been cancelled or have not been played yet. |
Those in ''italic text'' have either been cancelled or have not been played yet. |
||
Revision as of 03:02, 10 September 2013
The Games have expanded from a 42-event competition, with fewer than 250 men competing to including over 10,000 competitors of both genders from 202 nations. Organisers for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing expect approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the 302 events on the programme for the Games.The Athens 2004 games, for which organisers had also expected 10,500 competitors, drew a total of 11,099 in the 301 events offered.
Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to represent their country of citizenship. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by each country are widely used. In general only recognised nations are represented, but a few sovereign-disputed countries are allowed to take part.
The United States has hosted the most Summer Olympics games, hosting four. The United Kingdom has hosted three Summer Olympics games, all in London, including the most recent games in 2012. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics once are: Belgium, Canada, China, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden. Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, London, Paris and Athens.
Five countries - Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece and Switzerland - have sent teams to every single Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain, ranging from one gold in 1904, 1952 and 1996 to fifty-six golds in 1908.
Qualification
Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Federation (IF) that governs that sport's international competition.
For individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. National Olympic Committees may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event (3 is a common number), and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered. Many events provide for a certain number of wildcard entries, given to athletes from developing nations. Nations qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, in which each continental association is given a certain number of spots in the Olympic tournament. The host nation is generally given an automatic qualification.
History
The early years
The opening ceremony of the first Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium.
The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock since 1850. The first edition of de Coubertin's games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organized before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying "[i]f the committee doesn’t let me compete I will go after them regardless".
Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing, and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over 5 months. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time.
Numbers declined again for the 1904 Games in St. Louis, Missouri, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was used for practically every contest, including those exclusively for school boys or for Irish-Americans.
A series of smaller games were held in Athens in 1906. these were to be the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to materialize. The games were held in 1906 to celebrate the "tenth birthday" of the games. The IOC does not currently recognize these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do. The 1906 Athens games, which had over 900 athletes competing, were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games and contributed positively to the success of future games.
Dorando Pietri finishes the first modern marathon.
The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). This distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. The marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances.
At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds.
The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of amateurism after complaints from his own country men. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Games at Stockholm were the first to fulfill Pierre de Coubertin's original idea. For the first time since the Games started in 1896 were all continents represented with athletes competing in the same stadium.
The scheduled Berlin Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I.
The interwar era
The 1920 Antwerp games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. "The Flying Finn", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day.
The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsors of the games, from Coca-Cola. This was in stark contrast to 1932 when the Los Angeles games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. Louis games.
The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. The result, Olympia, was a masterpiece, despite Adolf Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by "non-Aryan" athletes. In particular, African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is a fabrication.[1]
Due to World War II, the Games of 1940 (due to be held in Tokyo and temporarily relocated to Helsinki upon the outbreak of war) were cancelled. The Games of 1944 were due to be held in London but were also cancelled; instead, London hosted the first games after the end of the war, in 1948.
After WWII
The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin.
At the 1952 Games in Helsinki the USSR team competed for the first time and at once became one of the dominant teams. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins.
The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, barring a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams. Due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict quarantine laws of Australia, the equestrian events were held a few months earlier, in Stockholm.
The 1960 Rome Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town, Louisville, KY. Soviet women's artistic gymnastics team members won 15 of 16 possible medals. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medalist in the 100 meters, 200 meters and 4x100 meter relay events.
The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics.
Performances at the 1968 Mexico City games were affected by the altitude of the host city.[2] No event was affected more than the long jump. American athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 meters (29 feet 2.4 inches), setting a new world record and, in the words of fellow competitor and then-reigning champion Lynn Davies, "making the rest of us look silly." Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. The 1968 Games also saw the introduction of the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. Politics took centre stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200 metre dash, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the United States; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement.
Politics again intervened at Munich in 1972, with lethal consequences. A Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and held 9 others as hostages. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused their demand, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the nine Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists, were killed. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events.[3] Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, Lasse Viren's, of Finland, back to back gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, defeating American distance great Steve Prefontaine in the former, and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut, who, however failed to win the all-around to her teammate Ludmilla Tourischeva.
There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. The Montreal Games are the most expensive in Olympic history, costing over $5 billion (equivalent to $20 billion in 2006). For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by a New Zealand rugby side. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci won the women's individual all around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. Another female gymnast to earn the perfect score and three gold medals there was Nellie Kim of the USSR. Lasse Viren repeated his double gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, making him the only athlete to ever win the distance double twice.
End of the 20th century
Closing Ceremony of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Bear Cub Misha, the mascot, flying into the sky.
Following the Soviet Union's participation to the Afghan Civil War, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the 1980 games held in Moscow. Notably, Greece, Great Britain and Australia did not withdraw, and remain the only nations to have competed in all summer games. The boycott contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicized and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country.
In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Soviet Allies, reciprocated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era to make a profit. The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Again, without the participation of the Eastern European countries, the 1984 Games were dominated by their host country.
The 1988 Seoul games were very well planned but the games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner Ben Johnson, failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games.
On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. The 1992 Barcelona Summer Games were cleaner, although not without incident. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by US basketball's "Dream Team". 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the Soviet Union since World War II.
By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, in particular with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics. It was also widely rumored that The Coca-Cola Company, a key IOC sponsor, was highly influential in the 1996 Summer Olympics being hosted by its home city of Atlanta. In the stadium in 1996, the highlight was 200 meters runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-metre dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of US television. The atmosphere at the Games was marred however when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was captured.
A new millennium
The 2000 Games were held in Sydney, Australia, and showcased individual performances by local favourite Ian Thorpe in the pool, Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, an Indigenous Australian whose triumph in the 400 meters united a packed stadium. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, had a memorably slow 100 metre freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained.[4] The Sydney Games were also memorable for the first appearance of a joint North and South Korean contingent (to a standing ovation) at the opening ceremonies, even if they competed as different countries.
2004 saw the Games return to their birthplace in Athens, Greece. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone. The games were praised and appreciated for their excellent quality in terms of organization, hospitality, symbolism, the level of the competition and athleticism, and the overall image transmitted worldwide. Although unfounded and wildly sensationalized reports of potential terrorism drove crowds away from the preliminary competitions of first weekend of the games (August 14-15), attendance picked up soon thereafter as the games progressed, the competitions got underway, and the terrorist attacks and security glitches failed to materialize. The Athens Games witnessed all NOCs participate for the first time since 1996, and the largest ever — with 202 NOCs and over 11,000 participants.
The 2008 Summer Olympics are to be held in Beijing, China. Several new events, including the new discipline of BMX for both men and women, are to be held. For the first time, women will compete in the steeplechase. The fencing program will be expanded to include all six events for both men and women. Women had not previously been able to compete in team foil or sabre events. Marathon swimming events, over the distance of 10 kilometres, will be added. In addition, the doubles events in table tennis will be replaced by team events.
London, United Kingdom held the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the only city to host the Games three times. The International Olympic Committee removed baseball and softball from the 2012 program. However, they may be re-added in programs in later years. The International Olympic Committee has announced that Rio de Janeiro, Brazil will host the 2016 Summer Olympics.
List of Olympic sports
- Main article: Olympic sports
42 different sports, spanning 56 different disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. 28 sports have comprised the schedule for the 2000, 2004, and 2008, though baseball and softball have been removed to give a list of 26 for the 2012 Games.[5]
The Summer Olympic Sports or Federations are regrouped under a common umbrella association, called the Association of Summer Olympic Federations (ASOIF).
| Sport | Years | Sport | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Archery | 1900-1912, 1920, since 1972 | Modern Pentathlon | since 1912 | |
| Athletics | all | Polo | 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, 1936 | |
| Badminton | since 1992 | Rackets | 1908 | |
| Baseball | 1992-2008 | Roque | 1904 | |
| Basketball | since 1936 | Rowing | since 1900 | |
| Basque Pelota | 1900 | Rugby Union | 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924 | |
| Boxing | 1904, 1908, since 1920 | Sailing | 1900, since 1908 | |
| Canoeing | since 1936 | Shooting | 1896, 1900, 1908-1924, since 1932 | |
| Cricket | 1900 | Softball | 1996-2008 | |
| Croquet | 1900 | Swimming | all | |
| Cycling | all | Synchronized Swimming | since 1984 | |
| Diving | since 1904 | Table Tennis | since 1988 | |
| Equestrian | 1900, since 1912 | Taekwondo | since 2000 | |
| Fencing | all | Tennis | 1896-1924, since 1988 | |
| Football (soccer) | 1900-1928, since 1936 | Triathlon | since 2000 | |
| Golf | 1900, 1904 | Tug of War | 1900-1920 | |
| Gymnastics | all | Volleyball | since 1964 | |
| Handball | 1936, since 1972 | Water Motorsports | 1908 | |
| Hockey (field) | 1908, 1920, since 1928 | Water Polo | 1900, since 1908 | |
| Jeu de Paume | 1908 | Weightlifting | 1896, 1904, since 1920 | |
| Judo | 1964, since 1972 | Wrestling | 1896, since 1904 | |
| Lacrosse | 1904, 1908 | |||
List of modern Summer Olympic Games
Map of Summer Olympics locations
Note: Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 had been canceled, the Roman numerals for those Games were still used because the Summer Games' official titles count Olympiads, not the Games themselves; those Olympiads occurred anyway per the Olympic Charter. This is in contrast to the Roman numerals in the official titles of the Winter Olympic Games, which ignore the canceled Winter Games of 1940 & 1944; those titles count Games instead of Olympiads.
| Year | Games | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 1896 | Games of the I Olympiad | Template:Country data Greece Athens, Greece |
| 1900 | Games of the II Olympiad | Template:Country data France Paris, France |
| 1904 | Games of the III Olympiad |  St. Louis, Missouri
|
| 1908 | Games of the IV Olympiad |  London, United Kingdom
|
| 1912 | Games of the V Olympiad | Template:Country data Sweden Stockholm, Sweden |
| 1916 | Games of the VI Olympiad | Berlin, Germany – cancelled because of World War I |
| 1920 | Games of the VII Olympiad | Template:Country data Belgium Antwerp, Belgium |
| 1924 | Games of the VIII Olympiad | Template:Country data France Paris, France |
| 1928 | Games of the IX Olympiad | Template:Country data Netherlands Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| 1932 | Games of the X Olympiad |  Los Angeles, California
|
| 1936 | Games of the XI Olympiad | Template:Country data Germany Berlin, Germany |
| 1940 | Games of the XII Olympiad | Tokyo, Japan → Helsinki, Finland – cancelled because of World War II |
| 1944 | Games of the XIII Olympiad | London, United Kingdom – cancelled because of World War II |
| 1948 | Games of the XIV Olympiad | London, United Kingdom
|
| 1952 | Games of the XV Olympiad | Template:Country data Finland Helsinki, Finland |
| 1956 | Games of the XVI Olympiad | Template:Country data Australia Melbourne, Australia Template:Country data Sweden Stockholm, Sweden (Equestrian events) |
| 1960 | Games of the XVII Olympiad | Template:Country data Italy Rome, Italy |
| 1964 | Games of the XVIII Olympiad | Template:Country data Japan Tokyo, Japan |
| 1968 | Games of the XIX Olympiad | Template:Country data Mexico Mexico City, Mexico |
| 1972 | Games of the XX Olympiad | Template:Country data Germany Munich, West Germany |
| 1976 | Games of the XXI Olympiad | Template:Country data Canada Montreal, Canada |
| 1980 | Games of the XXII Olympiad | Template:Country data Soviet Union Moscow, Soviet Union |
| 1984 | Games of the XXIII Olympiad |  Los Angeles, California, United States
|
| 1988 | Games of the XXIV Olympiad | Template:Country data South Korea Seoul, South Korea |
| 1992 | Games of the XXV Olympiad | Template:Country data Spain Barcelona, Spain |
| 1996 | Games of the XXVI Olympiad | Atlanta, Georgia, United States
|
| 2000 | Games of the XXVII Olympiad | Template:Country data Australia Sydney, Australia |
| 2004 | Games of the XXVIII Olympiad |
Template:Country data Greece Athens, Greece |
| 2008 | Games of the XXIX Olympiad | Template:Country data China Beijing, China |
| 2012 | Games of the XXX Olympiad | London, United Kingdom
|
| 2016 | Games of the XXXI Olympiad | Template:Country data Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| 2020 | Games of the XXXII Olympiad | Template:Country data Japan Tokyo, Japan |
Those in italic text have either been cancelled or have not been played yet.
References
- ↑ German Myth: Hitler and Jesse Owens. German Misnomers, Myths and Mistakes. About, Inc. Retrieved on 2006-05-06.
- ↑ Games of the XIX Olympiad (British English). Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-05-06.
- ↑ Games of the XX Olympiad (British English). Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-05-06.
- ↑ His female compatriot Paula Barila Bolopa also received media attention for her record-slow and struggling but courageous performance.
- ↑ "Fewer sports for London Olympics", BBC Sport, British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005-07-08. Retrieved on 2006-05-05.
See also
- List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games
- All-time Olympic Games medal count
- Olympic Games scandals
- Winter Olympic Games
- Olympic Stadium
- Multi-sport event
External links
- Official Site of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games (in Chinese)
- Official Site of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games (in English)
- Official Site of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games
- Official Site of the Olympic Movement
- Summer Olympic Games medalists and records (German)
- Candidate Cities for future Olympic Games
- Amateur Athletic Foundation archive of Official Reports
- Host cities for future Olympic Games
- Aerial and Satellite Photography of Olympic Stadiums